Summary:
This randomized controlled trial aimed to assess whether a low-carbohydrate breakfast could lead to better glucose control in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to a standard low-fat breakfast. 121 individuals with T2D were assigned either a low-carbohydrate breakfast containing roughly 465 kilojoules or a low-fat breakfast containing roughly 450 kilojoules. The primary outcome the researchers were measuring was a change in blood glucose levels. The key findings of the study were that blood glucose levels decreased in the low-carbohydrate breakfast group over a 12 week period. Participants in the low-carbohydrate group also reported lower overall calorie and carbohydrate intake for the rest of the day compared to the low-fat breakfast group. This study suggests that adopting a low-carbohydrate breakfast might be a simple dietary approach for individuals with T2D to reduce overall energy and carbohydrate intake, as well as to improve several aspects of blood glucose control when compared to a low-fat breakfast.
Abstract:
Background: In type 2 diabetes (T2D), consuming carbohydrates results in a rapid and large increase in blood glucose, particularly in the morning when glucose intolerance is highest. Objectives: We investigated if a low-carbohydrate (LC) breakfast (∼465 kcal: 25 g protein, 8 g carbohydrates, and 37 g fat) could improve glucose control in people with T2D when compared with a low-fat control (CTL) breakfast (∼450 kcal:20 g protein, 56 g carbohydrates, and 15 g fat). Methods: Participants with T2D (N = 121, 53% women, mean age 64 y) completed a remote 3-month parallel-group randomized controlled trial comparing a LC with standard low-fat guideline CTL breakfast. The change in HbA1c was the prespecified primary outcome. Continuous glucose monitoring, self-reported anthropometrics, and dietary information were collected for an intention-to-treat analysis. Results: HbA1c was reduced (-0.3%; 95% CI: -0.4%, -0.1%) after 12 wks of a LC breakfast, but the between-group difference in HbA1c was of borderline statistical significance (-0.2; 95% CI: -0.4, 0.0; P = 0.06). Self-reported total daily energy (-242 kcal; 95% CI: -460, -24 kcal; P = 0.03) and carbohydrate (-73 g; 95% CI: -101, -44 g; P < 0.01) intake were lower in the LC group but the significance of this difference is unclear. Mean and maximum glucose, area under the curve, glycemic variability, standard deviation, and time above range were all significantly lower, and time in the range was significantly higher, in the LC group compared with CTL (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: Advice and guidance to consume a LC breakfast appears to be a simple dietary strategy to reduce overall energy and carbohydrate intake and improve several continuous glucose monitoring variables when compared with a CTL breakfast in persons living with T2D. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04550468.
Article Publication Date: 29/05/2023
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.04.032
