Summary:
Food packaging and other food contact articles (FCAs) such as plastic containers, lids, chopping boards, and processing equipment, can release tiny plastic particles into food. These particles, called micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), are produced during normal use of plastic items. Normal use refers to routine, everyday actions the product is designed for, such as opening and closing plastic bottles, cutting food on plastic chopping boards, brewing tea in plastic-containing tea bags, heating or storing food in plastic containers, or water passing through plastic pipes. MNPs have been detected in many common foods and drinks, leading to widespread human exposure. Although the full health effects are still being investigated, early research links MNP exposure to changes in the gut microbiome and potential impacts on inflammation, the immune system, the nervous system, and hormone signalling. To better understand how FCAs contribute to this contamination, the authors conducted a systematic evidence map, which is a type of study that collects and assesses all existing research on a topic. They reviewed 103 studies that tested foods or food simulants after contact with plastic FCAs and evaluated each study’s quality and reliability. Overall, the evidence indicates that the normal, intended use of plastic FCAs can cause MNPs to migrate into food. The authors recommend more rigorous research and suggest that regulations could require testing for MNP release from plastic products to better protect public health.
Abstract:
Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) in foodstuffs lead to widespread human exposure and are often linked to environmental contamination. However, the role of plastics in food contact articles (FCAs) has received less attention, despite being a known source. Thus, we compiled a systematic evidence map of MNPs present in foodstuffs in contact with all types of plastic FCAs. We extracted data on experimental design, FCAs, MNPs, and food or food simulants and critically appraised the general data quality, material identification methods, polymer type reporting, and study design. We included 103 eligible studies and created 600 database entries accessible in an interactive dashboard. Seven studies were appraised as highly reliable. We conclude that the normal/intended use of FCAs can lead to the migration of MNPs. Further research is needed to systematically characterize MNP migration related to materials and use. To better protect human health, regulations could mandate MNP migration testing for FCAs.
Article Publication Date: 25/06/2025
DOI: 10.1038/s41538-025-00470-3
