Summary:
This study was a narrative review that examined evidence that looked at the link between environmental toxins and the development of Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Despite major advances in drug development, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases continues to rise, highlighting the need for preventive strategies that target modifiable risk factors. While prevention efforts have largely focused on individual lifestyle factors, increasing evidence indicates that environmental exposures also contribute to neurodegeneration. Among these, pesticides show the strongest and most consistent association, particularly with Parkinson’s disease. Numerous epidemiological studies and meta-analyses report an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease following pesticide exposure, whereas evidence for Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is more limited and inconsistent. Overall, this study identifies pesticides as a significant and potentially preventable risk factor for Parkinson’s disease, supporting the inclusion of environmental toxins in disease prevention frameworks. In contrast, further research is needed to clarify the role of pesticides in Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and to inform effective public health and policy interventions.
Abstract:
As the global incidence of neurodegenerative disorders rises at a rate beyond what can be attributed solely to population aging, the role of modifiable risk factors has come into research spotlight to inform preventive strategies. While many lifestyle interventions can be implemented at an individual level, addressing environmental pollutants that drive neurodegeneration requires a collective effort involving both public and political engagement. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the role of selected environmental toxins—pesticides, solvents, air pollution, and heavy metals—in the development of Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Drawing from epidemiological and experimental studies, we highlight associations between these exposures and neurodegeneration, as well as potential converging pathophysiological mechanisms such as neuroinflammation and proteinopathy. Understanding these links may help inform public health measures aimed at reducing the burden of these diseases.
Article Publication Date: 17/11/2025
DOI: 10.1186/s42466-025-00452-6
