Summary:
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and develops through a combination of genetics, ageing and chronic neuroinflammation. This study outlines current treatment approaches such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists, as well as newer approaches targeting amyloid pathways. It also discusses how gut microbiota composition may influence disease development. The review then introduces type 2 diabetes as a highly prevalent metabolic disease driven by insulin resistance, obesity and lifestyle factors. Because insulin is important for neuronal health, researchers have proposed a link between diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease and refer to this overlap as “type 3 diabetes,” although this term is not formally recognised. This study summarises evidence examining whether diabetes increases dementia risk. Several large meta‑analyses report higher rates of cognitive impairment and dementia among people with diabetes, with estimates reported as up to a 60% increased risk. Additional studies show that diabetes combined with hypertension may further elevate dementia risk. Overall, this review shows that Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes share several features, including insulin resistance and inflammation, but the strength and nature of their relationship varies across types of dementia.
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Abstract:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two prevalent conditions that present considerable public health issue in aging populations worldwide. Recent research has proposed a novel conceptualization of AD as “type 3 diabetes”, highlighting the critical roles of insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism in the pathogenesis of the disease. This article examines the implications of this association, exploring potential new avenues for treatment and preventive strategies for AD. Key evidence linking diabetes to AD emphasizes critical metabolic processes that contribute to neurodegeneration, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and alterations in insulin signaling pathways. By framing AD within this metabolic context, we can enhance our understanding of its etiology, which in turn may influence early diagnosis, treatment plans, and preventive measures. Understanding AD as a manifestation of diabetes opens up the possibility of employing novel therapeutic strategies that incorporate lifestyle modifications and the use of antidiabetic medications to mitigate cognitive decline. This integrated approach has the potential to improve patient outcomes and deepen our comprehension of the intricate relationship between neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders.
Article Publication Date: 7/11/2024
DOI: 10.3390/ijms252211955
