Summary:
Immune aging is the gradual decline in immune function that occurs as the body gets older. It involves a loss of efficient immune cells, reduced ability to respond to new infections, and a shift toward chronic, low‑grade inflammation. These changes are driven by cellular damage, impaired mitochondrial function, reduced autophagy, and the accumulation of cells that release inflammatory molecules. Lifestyle factors such as poor diet, inactivity, stress, and environmental exposures can accelerate these processes. This study is a narrative review that looked at how immune aging and chronic inflammation reinforce one another through inflammatory pathways and mitochondrial dysfunction. Persistent activation of these pathways leads to ongoing cytokine production, oxidative stress, and further immune decline. The review also summarises evidence that certain lifestyle and nutritional strategies may slow immune aging. Regular physical activity, stress‑reduction practices, and diets rich in anti‑inflammatory nutrients can reduce inflammation and support healthier immune function. Omega‑3 fatty acids, flavonoids, vitamin D, vitamin C, and fiber are highlighted for their roles in reducing inflammation, supporting mitochondrial health, and improving immune regulation. Overall, this study concludes that immune aging is shaped primarily by biological pathways, but can be influenced by lifestyle and nutritional interventions that help reduce inflammation and support healthier aging.
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Abstract:
Age-related decline in immune system function is characterized by reduced numbers of naïve lymphocytes, the accumulation of senescent cells, impaired function of all immune cell types, and chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging). These alterations contribute to increased susceptibility to infections and malignancies, as well as to autoimmunity and other age-associated diseases. This article reviews current evidence on lifestyle interventions that may mitigate immune aging. Lifestyle-related strategies, including regular physical activity, nutritional interventions (e.g., different diets, caloric restriction, and other fasting-related approaches), stress reduction, and vaccination, are discussed as key modulators of immune function and systemic inflammation. Notably, vitamin D supplementation has been shown to reduce the incidence of autoimmune diseases by 22%. In comparison, caloric restriction has led to a decrease in CRP and TNF-α by 40% and 50%, respectively. Emerging complementary approaches, such as mind–body practices and controlled cold exposure, show promise, though current evidence remains limited and inconsistent. Therefore, integrated lifestyle strategies may slow aging-related immune decline and support healthy aging. However, longitudinal trials are required to define the optimal intervention parameters, population-specific thresholds, and the long-term durability of immune rejuvenation.
Article Publication Date: 21/06/2026
DOI: 10.3390/ijms27125605
