Summary:
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues, creating chronic inflammation. Nutrition is increasingly recognised as a contributing factor, because vitamins and minerals help regulate immune activity and metabolism. Even small deficiencies can disrupt these processes, and autoimmune conditions often worsen these deficits by impairing nutrient absorption. This study, a narrative review, examined how micronutrient deficiencies influence immune function and autoimmune disease severity. It describes how vitamins and minerals shape antigens, cytokine signalling, lymphocyte behaviour, and inflammation. Deficiencies in vitamin D, folate, B12, and iron are common across autoimmune disorders and can intensify inflammation or weaken immune regulation. Vitamin D is highlighted as a major immunomodulator. This study reports that low vitamin D levels are consistently linked with more active disease in thyroid autoimmunity, multiple sclerosis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, and systemic sclerosis. Folate and B12 support DNA synthesis and methylation, and their deficiency can impair lymphocyte function and raise homocysteine. Iron deficiency contributes to anemia, fatigue, and reduced immune competence, and chronic inflammation, gastrointestinal involvement, and medications can increase this risk. The review also summarises emerging nutritional strategies. Diets high in processed foods may increase intestinal permeability, while anti‑inflammatory dietary patterns appear to reduce inflammation. Interest is growing in omega‑3 fatty acids, targeted micronutrient supplementation, and microbiome‑focused approaches such as prebiotics and probiotics. Overall, this study concludes that micronutrient deficiencies are widespread in autoimmune diseases and may worsen immune dysfunction. Addressing these deficits through targeted nutritional intervention may help support immune regulation and reduce disease burden.
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Abstract:
Background: Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are characterized by chronic inflammation and tissue damage resulting from abnormal immune responses. While genetic and environmental factors play significant roles in disease development, essential micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) represent a critical and often overlooked contributor. Methods: This review examines the interactions between micronutrients and immune cells, focusing on vitamin D, vitamin B12, folate (FA), and iron, and their roles in AIDs, such as rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune thyroid disorders, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and other connective tissue diseases. We explore the immunomodulatory effects of these micronutrients, their impact on immune tolerance, and the mechanisms by which MNDs contribute to disease progression. Results: MNDs are commonly observed in patients with AIDs and are associated with worsening immune dysregulation, increased inflammation, and disease severity. Vitamin D plays a pivotal role in modulating immune responses and attenuating inflammation, while iron and FA are essential for immune cell proliferation and function. Vitamin B12 supports methylation processes and genomic stability. Conclusions: MNDs significantly influence the pathogenesis and progression of AIDs. Routine micronutrient screening and targeted supplementation should be considered as part of clinical management, offering potential adjunctive benefits alongside conventional therapies. Further research is needed to define optimal dosing strategies and to identify patient subgroups most likely to benefit from nutrition-based interventions.
Article Publication Date: 08/02/2026
DOI: 10.3390/nu18040561
