Summary:
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition in children and is associated with impaired functioning and wellbeing. It has also been linked to disordered eating behaviours and poorer diet quality, with children more likely to consume foods high in sugar and fat and fewer nutrient-dense foods. At the same time, intake of ultra-processed foods has increased globally and is recognised as a potential contributor to poor health outcomes. These foods are highly industrially processed, often contain additives, and tend to be high in energy, salt, and unhealthy fats while low in essential nutrients. Ultra-processed food consumption has been associated with a range of adverse health outcomes, including obesity, metabolic conditions, cardiovascular disease, and mental health disorders. Emerging evidence suggests that these foods may also influence behaviour through mechanisms such as inflammation, altered gut microbiota, and effects on appetite regulation. The relationship between ultra-processed food intake and ADHD may be bidirectional, where behavioural traits linked to ADHD influence food choices, and dietary exposures may also affect symptom expression. This study is a cross-sectional analysis of a sample of children, that examined the association between ADHD and ultra-processed food intake. Data from over 1,100 children aged 6 to 11 years were analysed. It showed that children with ADHD were more likely to consume higher amounts of ultra-processed foods. These associations remained after accounting for potential confounders. No differences in ultra-processed food intake were observed based on stimulant medication use. Overall, this study suggests a relationship between ADHD and higher intake of ultra-processed foods in children. The findings highlight the importance of considering food processing, in addition to overall diet quality, when examining dietary influences on child health.
Abstract:
Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been linked to unhealthy dietary patterns, but its association with ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption remains underexplored. This study assessed the association between ADHD and UPF intake among children. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2015–2016 Israeli Kids Health and Nutrition Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional study. Parents/guardians provided demographic, health, and dietary information via face-to-face interviews. Anthropometrics were measured, and dietary intake was assessed using a 24-hour recall. UPF consumption (grams/day and % of total food weight) was classified by the NOVA system and categorized by the median. Adjusted logistic and linear regressions examined associations between ADHD and UPF. Results: Of 1135 children aged 6–11 years included, 111 had physician-diagnosed ADHD. Median UPF intake was 342.9 grams/day and 16.7% of total food weight. Adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and intakes of energy, dietary fiber, and alpha-linolenic acid, ADHD was significantly associated with above-median UPF consumption, as grams/day (OR = 1.622, 95% CI: 1.010–2.604) and as % of total food weight (OR = 1.652, 95% CI: 1.058–2.578). Linear regression models yielded similar associations. No differences in UPF intake were found by stimulant treatment status. Conclusion: ADHD is associated with higher UPF consumption, with potential influences in either direction.
Article Publication Date: 03/03/2026
DOI: 10.1038/s41390-026-04844-5
